pt. I. An overview of the Juvenile Justice System -- 1. Juvenile justice : definitions , measurement and process -- FBI's Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) -- National Incident-based Reporting System (NIBRS) -- Bureau of Justice Statistics National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) -- Media's effect on public perception of juveniles -- Components of the Juvenile Justice System -- Juvenile justice process -- Arrest -- Referral -- Intake -- Diversion -- Detention -- Petitioning / charges filed -- Adjudication hearing / delinquency finding -- Dispositional hearing -- Probation -- Confinement in a secure correctional facility -- Transfer to adult court -- To divert or not? -- Which is more just : a conservative or a liberal approach to delinquency? -- Confidentiality versus openness -- Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) -- 2. The history and philosophy behind the juvenile justice system -- Social control in early societies -- Development in England -- Development of juvenile justice in the United States -- The Puritan period (1646-1824) -- The refuge period (1824-1899) -- Houses of refuge -- Reform schools -- Foster homes -- The child savers -- Juvenile Court period (1899-1960) -- 1899 Juvenile Court Act -- Early efforts at diversion : The Chicago Boy's Court and Youth Counsel Bureau -- Federal Government concern and involvement -- The juvenile rights period (1960-1980) -- The four d's of juvenile justice -- The Kent decision -- The Gault decision -- The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice -- Youth service bureaus -- Uniform Juvenile Court Act -- The White House Conference on Youth -- The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act -- Return to due process issues -- Issue of right to treatment -- Decriminalization of status offenses -- Development of standards for Juvenile Justice -- Crime control period (1980-present) -- Schall v. Martin (1984) and preventive detention -- 3. Theories of delinquency and juvenile offending -- Justice and the Law -- Consensus theory -- Conflict theory -- The classical worldview -- Positivist worldview -- Causes of crime and delinquency -- Biological theories -- Psychological theories -- Sociological theories -- Critical theories -- Victimization theories -- General theory of crime --

pt. II. Our nation's youths -- 4. Youth in society : developmental risk and protective factors -- Normal child development -- Critical first three years -- Next ten years -- Adolescence -- Summary of social cognition and moral development -- Influence of the family -- Socialization and values -- American child-rearing rights and parenting practices -- Path to victimization and delinquency : at-risk behaviors and circumstances -- Individual risk factors -- Early antisocial behavior and aggression -- Conduct disorder -- Developmental and cognitive disabilities -- Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking, drugs -- Alcohol and HIV -- Substance abuse -- Early sexual activity and teen pregnancy -- Exposure to violence on television, in films and in video games -- Race -- Family risk factors -- Divorce and broken homes -- Poverty -- Parent criminality and incarceration -- Separation from parents and foster care -- Poor family attachment or bonding -- School risk factors -- Truancy and frequent absences -- Dropping out of schools -- Peer risk factors -- Community risk factors -- Protective factors -- Early work experiences -- Prevention and early intervention efforts -- Helping America's Youth (HAY) -- 5. Juvenile victims -- Child maltreatment -- Child victimization -- Child neglect -- Physical or emotional child abuse -- Child abuse and neglect laws -- Indicators of physical abuse -- Indicators of emotional abuse -- Causes of abuse -- Domestic and family violence -- Child abuse and the link with delinquency -- Child sexual harassment and abuse -- Child sexual abuse and the Internet -- Indicators of sexual abuse -- Consequences of being sexually abused -- Cultural values and sexual abuse -- Issue of credibility -- Children and youths as victims of crime and violence -- Missing and exploited children -- Missing benign -- Missing involuntary, lost or injured -- Runaway / thrownaway -- Nonfamily abduction -- Stereotypical kidnapping -- Family abduction -- Child Abduction Response Team (CART) -- AMBER alert -- Youths and suicide -- Programs to prevent or reduce child victimization -- Nurse-family partnership -- Building peaceful families -- Safe Kids / Safe Streets -- The Juvenile Victim Justice System -- 6. Juvenile offenders -- Juvenile offenses -- Running away -- Truancy -- Curfew violations -- Early substance abuse -- Juvenile delinquents and delinquency -- Property offenses committed by juveniles -- Violent crime committed by juveniles -- Profile of delinquency -- Age trends -- Female delinquents -- Minority offenders -- Co-offending -- Serious child delinquents -- Chronic juvenile offenders and recidivism -- Violent juvenile offenders -- Predictors of youth violence -- Myths about youth violence -- System response to violent juvenile offenders -- Public health model and the juvenile justice perspective -- Are delinquency and youth violence inevitable? -- 7. Youth gangs -- Types of gangs -- Racial / ethnic gangs -- Hybrid gangs -- Girl gangs -- Outlaw motorcycle gangs -- Prison gangs -- Extent and migration of youth gangs -- What attracts youths to gang membership? -- Family structure -- Peer pressure and ego fulfillment -- Racism and cultural discord -- Socioeconomic pressure -- Socialized delinquency -- Gang organization : leadership and membership -- Gang culture -- Gang names -- Symbols -- Clothing -- Communication styles -- Tattoos -- Illegal activities of youth gangs -- Youth gang violence -- Youth gangs and drugs -- Recognizing a youth gang problem -- Identifying gang members -- Gangs in schools -- Responding to an existing youth gang problem -- Suppression and law enforcement efforts -- Arresting and prosecuting gang members -- Youth gang prevention efforts --

pt. III. The contemporary juvenile justice system -- 8. The police and juveniles -- Police response to neglected and abused children -- Challenges to investigation -- Evidence -- Protocol for responding to child abuse and neglect -- Law enforcement's disposition of status offenders -- Police response to delinquency -- Police discretion and the initial contact -- Taken into custody -- Juvenile holdover -- Detention -- Prosecution -- Police as mentors to troubled youths -- Police response to juveniles with guns -- The Boston Gun Project, Operation Ceasefire -- Youth Firearms Violence Initiative -- Project Safe neighborhoods -- Police response to youth crime and violence in our schools -- School Resource Officer (SRO) program -- Bullying -- School shootings -- In search of safer schools -- Other efforts to prevent school violence -- Partnership and community policing -- 9. Pretrial services and diversion -- Philosophies about youth -- Custody -- Detention -- Intake -- The Juvenile Prosecutor or the Intake Officer -- Intake hearing -- Assessment -- Principles of effective interventions -- Diversion from formal Juvenile Court -- Diversion to specialized courts -- Teen Court -- Juvenile drug courts -- Juvenile mental health courts -- Juvenile gun courts -- Juvenile Traffic Court -- Balanced and restorative justice -- Victim-offender mediation -- Community reparative boards -- Family group conferencing -- Circle sentencing -- Net widening -- Respite care -- Importance of timely case processing -- 10. The Juvenile Court -- Basic philosophy and purpose of Juvenile Court -- Differences in purpose clauses -- Welfare Model versus the Justice Model -- Jurisdiction the Juvenile court -- Venue and transfer -- Types of juvenile courts -- Characteristics of the Juvenile Court -- Juvenile Court personnel -- Court actions for neglected and abused children -- Juvenile Court process for delinquency cases -- The petition -- Detention hearing -- Adjudication hearing -- Dispositional hearing -- Transferring juveniles to Criminal Court -- Primary transfer mechanisms -- Reverse certification or decertification -- Issues of competency and culpability -- Juveniles and capital punishment -- Juvenile delinquency guidelines for improving Juvenile Court -- 11. Juvenile corrections -- Concept of graduated sanctions -- Standard probation -- The probation officer -- School-based probation -- Intermediate sanctions -- Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) -- Community service -- Nonsecure juvenile residential facilities -- Nonresidential day treatment alternatives -- Electronic monitoring and home detention -- Training schools -- Boot camps -- Institutionalization : long-term secure confinement -- Public versus private institutions -- Social structure within correctional institutions -- Impact of incarceration -- Effective correctional programs for youth -- Juveniles sentenced to adult institutions -- Re-entry -- Principles of Intensive Aftercare Programs (IAPs) --

pt. IV. The juvenile justice system in the twenty-first century

12. Preventing delinquency and recidivism

Prevention versus control

Prevention as an attack on causes

which youth to target : the numerator and denominator approaches

Prevention and the Public Health Model

Blueprints for violence prevention initiative

Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP)

Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBS)

Functional Family Therapy (FFT)

Lifeskills Training (LST)

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

Nurse-family Partnership (NFP)

Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC)

Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP)

Promoting alternative THinking Strategies (PATHS)

The Incredible Years Series (IYS)

Project Toward No Drug Abuse (Project TND)

Truancy and dropout prevention

Communities In Schools (CIS)

Alternative to Suspension Program (ASP)

Safe Schools/Healthy Students (SSHS) Program

Project H.E.L.P. : High Expectations Learning Program

Preventing delinquency through improved child

Protection Services (CPS)

Violence prevention

Reducing gun violence

Gang prevention

Drug use prevention programs

DARE

The National commission on Drug-Free Schools

Parents : the anti-drug

Reality-based approach to drug education

Drug testing in schools

Mentoring

Teens, Crime and the community (TCC)

13. Juvenile justice at a crossroads : the accelerating call for reform

Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice

Reduce institutionalization

reduce racial disparity

Ensure access to quality counsel

Create a range of community-based alternatives

Recognize and serve youths with specialized needs

Create smaller rehabilitative institutions

Improve aftercare and re-entry

Maximize youth, family and community participation

Keep youths out of adult prisons

Models for change

Evidence-based practices to overcome language and cultural barriers

Public attitudes toward reforming the Juvenile Justice System

Champions for Change Award

Measuring performance

National Partnership for Juvenile Services

Career in Juvenile Justice

Ameliorating the Juvenile Justice workforce crisis

The Juvenile Justice officer

The role of social workers and Social Services

Appendix A. Influences on delinquency

Appendix B. Job description : school resource officer (SRO)

Appendix C. Federally funded programs.